Personal Health Assessment Essay

Overall, there are six dimensions of health that can be examined to determine if a person is healthy and fit or to see what area in his or her life needs improvement. This includes physical, psychological, spiritual, social, intellectual, and environmental dimensions. â€Å"When all of the six dimensions are at high levels and in balance, we have optimal health and well-being† (Blonna & Watter, 2005, p. 5). The three dimensions of health that I feel I am strongest at are the physical, sscial, and intellectual dimensions. Physically, I am contented with how I look and feel. I believe that I am healthy and that I take the proper precautions to take care of my body. Being free from any illnesses does not mean that a person fulfils the physical dimension of health. I think that one has to be satisfied about his or her overall health and body in order for him or her to say that he or she is physically healthy. In addition, being positive about how a person sees his or her body contributes to a better physical health. I would also like to indicate that I fulfil the social dimension of health since I do not have a problem reaching out to people. I have excellent relationships with my friends and family and this helps me grow as a person. I believe that keeping this dimension healthy is important because having people that would support you greatly contributes to a person’s well-being and improvement of the other five dimensions. The third dimension of health that I think I am strongest at is the intellectual dimension. I believe that I think clearly and that I can understand things the way they should be understood. I am very open-minded when it comes to arguing and accepting things that are not in line with my beliefs. I can argue with other people rationally and with the right common sense. On the other hand, I feel that my spiritual dimension needs improvement. â€Å"Spiritual wellness is the state of harmony with yourself and others. It is the ability to balance inner needs with the demands of the rest of the world† (Edlin, Golanty, & Brown, 1999, p. ). With our fast paced world, it is very hard for one to sit down and think about these kinds of things. There are so many distractions around us that we forget to think about our spirituality. I think that it is important for me to address this issue at this time because it would help me improve my overall well-being. I understand the importance of spiritual life and I would like to engage myself better with this area. For a person to impro ve, he or she needs determination and commitment. Improvement, especially in the area of spirituality, would not mean anything if there is no purpose behind it and if the person is doing it just for the sake of saying he or she has improved. I would like to start off by trying to learn more about what I want in terms of spiritual fulfilment. I would then gradually engage myself in my religion and take small steps to improve my inner self. I think that I would have to get to know myself better in order for me to realize what I want and need. Personally, I expect to learn from this course ways on how to know myself better, how to improve myself completely, and how to determine which areas in my life need improvements the most. Although determining is easy, it is better to learn through a knowledgeable instructor and through related materials and activities. Taking this course would also make it easier because I will be able to learn with a group of other people and not just by myself.

How Great Was Alexander The Great?

What is a truly great leader? It is someone with courage, discipline, creativity, remarkable achievement, and integrity. Unfortunately, Alexander the Great does not have any of these valuable traits to be called a â€Å"great† leader. Even though Alexander left a mark in history’s book, it was a mark of a brutal tormenter. Alexander the Great was born in 356 B.C.E. in a kingdom on the edge of northern Greece called Macedonia. (B.G.E.) His parents, Phillip and Olympia, constantly adored and spoiled him.They hired a famous Greek philosopher, Aristotle, to teach him academic subjects, politics, sports, and warfare. (B.E.) As he grew older, an inner beast was growing inside of him and at last it exploded when his father died, and Alexander was only then able to take the throne. But who would want an unjust leader, who is an egomaniac, a ruthless narcissist, and whose empire would not last?Alexander the â€Å"not-so-great† was a psychotic maniac with a huge ego. He wa s conceded and had absolutely no concern for others. For example, when Alexander’s army was struggling across the hot, dry desert of sand, he could’ve taken them around the desert, so they didn’t have to suffer. (doc.D)Also, every new place Alexander went to he founded a new city and named it after himself†¦.. Alexandria!!! In total he named eleven cities after himself. Because he was spoiled and everyone treated him like he was royalty at a very young age, he came up with the idea that he was part god and told everyone to treat him that way. (B.E.)There were always consequences for when people tried to stand up against Alexander. One example is in the battle with Tyre, when they refused to surrender, so he wouldn’t let them be and ordered his army to destruct and destroy all of Tyre into little pieces.(Doc.C) Therefore, because of his lack of concern for others and huge ego, he was proven, once again, to be Alexander the â€Å"not so great†!! !A second reason Alexander was not great at all was because he was a ruthless narcissist who had savage relish. Evidence to prove my opinion is how he  killed hundreds of thousands of innocent people that were slaughtered by Alexander and his army in only four major battles.(Doc.E)Alexander’s main goal was to conquer many territories. Also, during the battle of Tyre his army killed thousands of people and sold the thirty thousand remaining survivors into slavery. How is that the act of a â€Å"great† leader? To add on to all the other horrifying murdering he also crucified two thousand men who didn’t even harm him!!!This shows that Alexander was nothing but a brutal murderer!Many people wonder why Alexander’s empire did not last. Well, I will tell you why! The first thing that Phillip the Second of Macedon did was name an heir to the throne after he died and it was Alexander. But as soon as Alexander gained the throne all he cared about was conquest and he didn’t seem to plan ahead, because after he died he didn’t name a successor who would expand the empire, therefore his whole empire collapsed. (Doc.E)Besides an empire as vast as his took at least 11 years of hard work and conquering to build. Unfortunately it only took 10 years to destroy it which showed what a poor job Alexander did with leadership. Because of Alexander’s ignorance and foolishness towards his empire, he became an irresponsible leader, instead of a caring, great man, as the world thinks he is.In conclusion I believe that Alexander should not be called great anymore and that people should see the villainous side of him. Though, he did have some good points in his life. For example he built an incredibly vast empire, spread Greek art and literature, and was a major influence on Julias Caesar.However, the three reasons presented above- he was a big egomaniac, a ruthless narcissist, and his empire did not last- show that when all is said done, Alexander is not at all what our history books claims him to be. In my opinion I don’t think Alexander the Great should be called a â€Å"legend† of history, but a moronic monster!

Fun at School Essay

† Is a conspiracy theory defined primarily by its internal narrative characteristics or by its external discursive position?† The answer to this quote is because the term â€Å"conspiracy theory† is not a neutral descriptor; it is commonly deployed as a term of disqualification for narratives that may, on their qualities, deserve thought. Further, when attached to a writer or thinker, the label â€Å"conspiracy theorist† can carry a shame similar in kind (if not degree) to that suffered by those designated â€Å"mentally ill.† I don’t think that I am paranoid that much because I don’t have to believe what other people say about their theories. I see others paranoid though every day. I think some conspiracy theorist could have a bad rap because people do not like what they have to say. For example 9/11 people say terrorist flew into the twin towers. Conspiracy theorist say there where bombs planted throughout the building and that the att ack was plotted by our own government. Of course this is going to give these people a bad rap. If our society believes our own government is attacking us and they don’t want to believe it’s true then it falls back on the conspiracy theorist giving him a bad rap. I do agree America is more paranoid then other countries because of the hype of conspiracy theories like sandy hook, 9/11, and all the deaths of famous people like Tupac, and JFK. Other countries may have more problems than us like war and food and water and they need more help than us, so why are we the ones paranoid and they are not. To me this shows America has only a few things to believe and one of those things being conspiracy theories. other countries have to worry about sustaining a life and living when Americans are thinking is Tupac really dead? Is this right for us to think like that? Do we really have problems here in the U.S.?

Managing Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Managing Change - Essay Example With change always altering the functionality of organizations, Todnem (2005) proposes the eight step model in an effort to employ change in the association. According to Todnem (2005), this begins with the creation of a sense of urgency for the need for change in the organization that needs to motivate the employees to heed to the crisis that is present in the organization. Change is resultant from a myriad of factors such as proper customer relations, competition with the existing business persons amongst others. After the identification of the change factors, it is the role of the management to come up with a team that would see the implementation of the policies put in place. Next in line should be coming up with a vision that underlies the functionality of the change by the employees, and then communication of the vision must be upheld. Todnem (2005) continues to argue that the process cannot be successful without empowering the employees to overcome the obstacles to change. Sub sequently, the management must come up with methodologies for exulting the accomplishments so as to motivate the employees towards further changes in the organization. Finally, the change can only be of utility through stamping the adopted changes to the culture of the organizations. The example of Wal-Mart can be described as a good example of change well accepted in the company. In as much the company faced a lot of resistance from its employees due to low wages and denial to join the labor union, the management has been making tangible decisions that would see implementation of the company’s decisions. The management has seen the inclusion of employees in improving their skills. According to the founder of the company, Mr. Walton, empowered employees are the major change agents in the organization. In this case, the employers endeavoured to train its employees, after that listened to their suggestions that allowed the company implement the set objectives. In this case, the company has managed to deal with to instil in the workers, the slogan that all is possible with the motivation of the employees. The management has also managed to come up with new technology that has seen the employees have an easier time whilst dealing with the pressures in the company. These programs and moves by the management can be credited to the reasons behind the success of the Wal-Mart stores over decades, due to an established organizational culture (Tcherpokov, 2006). References Tcherpokov, M., 2006. The Eight-stage Managing Process of Major Change. A Quality Management Perspective. [Pdf]. Available at: http://www.freequality.org/documents/knowledge/ManageChange_MiniTutorial_MT%20_2_.pdf. [Accessed on March 29th 2012]. Todnem, R., 2005. Organisational Change Management: A Critical Review. Journal of Change Management, Vol. 5, No. 4, 369–380. Reflective Journal 2 Week 13 The case of the NHS is another example that has led to a study of the need for change in the o rganizations. In light to the NHS case, a lot of changes have been witnessed. The inclusion of the National Health Service in the quest to reduce the costs of delivery of health services can be described as a fallacy that created a situation whereby the consumer spent a lot of money to access the services. With the government aiming at reducing the costs a lot of individuals have incurred whilst accessing healthcare,

Case-Small business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case-Small business management - Essay Example Miller was very smart because he instituted employee policies to keep his workers motivated. The fringe benefits the company offers its employees are above the industry average. The workers are given production incentives that allow them to earn a maximum of 135% of base pay. Miller is a people’s person that keeps the lines of communication open at all times with his employees. Since Miller took over the operation the firm has lowered its employee turnover rate to 3%. â€Å"Recent research shows that small business owners estimate the cost of replacing an employee at close to $6,000† (Robertson). Jim Miller did a great job at changing the organizational culture of Intermatic Inc. He empowered and trusted his employees which help improved their motivation. The communication and people skills of Mr. Miller created a great work environment for the employees of the company. He also cared about the personal problems of each of his staff members. The employees responded well and they increased their productivity. When the company downsized the firm and made changes to its structure the firm was at risk of losing the confidence of the employees, but instead Miller took advantage of the opportunity to implement a brand new corporate culture. The human resource department did a great job of creating a benefits package that attracted many workers. I believe one of the main reasons that the employee churn rate of the company is so low is due to the exceptional fringe benefit package the company offers. Another one of the reasons that the company has been successful under Miller is due to his great leadership abilities. Employees follow and listen to leaders they respect. The company had to consider various alternative solutions to improve the situation of the company. One alternative solution was to hire temporary employees that receive limited fringe benefits. A second alternative solution was to shut down its operations in the United States and

Reality TV Shows and the UK Audience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reality TV Shows and the UK Audience - Essay Example Reality TV, for the most part replaced the plethora of soap operas which previously entertained the past generation. Recognizing that audiences are bored and tired of watching stories with the same theme, directors and producers tried to stimulate viewership through the creation of programs that ordinary people can relate to. The shift to reality TV mirrors the changes in the preferred entertainment of viewers. They want something which is exciting, unscripted, and totally unpredictable. They would want to watch how a real person can reach his dreams through his talents. They are more entertained in watching how these things actually happen in real life and not on actors and actresses only. The shift towards a new type of entertainment also implies the change in the values and attitude of the society. The prevalence of reality can be often linked to moral degradation as the audience is often entertained by the mistakes and failures of the people inside the show. As the programs often feature how the participants can improve or should improve, they are humiliated in front of the camera and the millions who watch them. The rise in reality TV also signals the increasing acceptability of deviant behav

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 25

Questions - Assignment Example iver products that carry out similar functions, it is imperative to distinguish one product from another, detailing what is different and what makes a particular product special. This can only be done through live demonstration. After reviewing the RFP Tutorial from the lecture this week, share your thoughts about the steps outlined for creating an RFP. What value does an RFP bring to finding and buying the right HRIS system? What are some of the risks in using an RFP process? The steps that have been outlined in the development of an RFP are such that they clarify the situation to both the parties involved i.e. the vendors and the customer. The customer highlights their requirements in a clearly and orderly manner and as such enables the vendor to understand what is required from him and to respond accordingly. The steps benefit both parties as it eases the purchasing of products and services and accelerates the bidding process. In relation to an HRIS system, the RFP enables one to review their current situation, note what is missing, communicate their requirements and need for change and finally request proposals from vendors. It enables one to evaluate proposals from vendors according to a common blueprint delivered to all vendors and find those that have meet all the conditions stated while eliminating those that were unable to. One of the main risks of an RFP process is that the vendors may utilize unknown resources (Sant, 2004). The vendor may use third party resources in order to complete some components of the product. This may lead to complications in the future as the company has to deal with more members who are not included in the contract. Another risk is that the RFP may have an imprecise service level agreement thus causing problems after implementation of the product. The third risk is that the vendor my compromise the project so as to fit the selection criteria. If cost is the main criteria, the vendor may under-bid or cut corners thus causing

Mexican Immigration and American Identity Essay

Mexican Immigration and American Identity - Essay Example According to the author, even though other values and principles of non-Protestant immigrants have helped to shape and modified this concept, most Americans accept these basic elements of an Anglo-Protestant culture as the key defining elements of their national identity. Yet, the author states that in the last decades of the 20th century, this culture has been challenged by a context of globalization and ideas of multiculturalism and diversity. The rise of groups that focus on race, ethnicity, and gender over a more general national identity are regarded as a threat to 'the country's cultural and political integrity'. Huntington views immigration from Latin America, especially from Mexico, as the single largest threat to the American identity. This due to a combination of six unique characteristics that differentiate contemporary Mexican immigration from past immigrant flows, being contiguity (boarder proximity), scale (steadily increasing numbers), illegality (illegal entry and permanence into the country), regional concentration (particularly concentrated in California and the Southwest), persistence (no signs of decline over the years), and historical presence (historical claim to the US territory). The boarder proximity with Mexico in the Southwest region encourages immigration and illegal entry into the U.S., which results in the steady increase of Mexican immigration throughout the 20th century. Similarly, it increases the concentration of Mexican immigrants in that area of the country and the illegal characteristics of the flow. Since the conditions creating such immigration (economic cond itions of Mexico, boarder proximity, etc) are unlikely to change, the flow is expected to persist. These factors, the author argues, differentiate the Mexican contingent from previous immigrant groups and are likely to hinder the assimilation of Mexicans into the United States culture. One of the author's main arguments defending the poor assimilation of Mexican immigrants into the U.S. society is the persistent use of their native language through successive generations. Huntington admits that statistics on English proficiency and Spanish preservation are limited and ambiguous. Nevertheless, the author insists that particular characteristics of the flow - scale, persistence and concentration - are likely to encourage the perpetuation of Spanish among successive generations of immigrants. Huntington considers that Spanish retention has a negative impact on the assimilation of the new culture even when proficiency in English is achieved. In addition, bilingualism would affect earnings and put English-only families in disadvantage within the job market. Finally, the concentration of Mexicans in certain areas transform portions of the country into bilingual and bicultural areas, reinforcing Mexican values over the traditional Anglo-Protestant values, which, according to the author, threatens the integrity of the nation, possibly dividing the nation 'into a country of two languages and two cultures'. From my point of view, Huntington's concept of the American identity is limited and excludes a great portion of the nation's cultural and ethnic background. The author's

Phonology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Phonology - Case Study Example And when producing pp, the lips will be stretched to produce y. The whole word is uttered in half a second. Elision: Elision is the loss of a phoneme. I.e. the omission of sounds (vowel/consonant/syllable), so that the speaker can simplify the pronunciation. This usually occurs in a fast speech and is normally unintentional. Allophone: Allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. I.e. it is one of the several speech sounds belonging to the same phoneme. A change in allophone does not alter the meaning, but rather makes the word sound non-native. Minimal pairs enable the linguists to build up the phoneme inventory for a language or a dialect. Though the words differ by only one segment, there may be wide variations in terms of articulation. However, most minimal pairs are considerably distinct and hardly pose inconvenience to the speaker or listener. Complementary Distribution: it is the mutually exclusive relationship between two phonetically similar segments. It exists when one segment occurs in one particular environment and the other occurring in an entirely different environment. Example: Consider the allophones [p'] and [p]. ... Example: Consider the allophones [p'] and [p]. [p'], the aspirated phoneme occurs when there is a syllable onset and is followed by a stressed vowel (as in the word put) and the unaspirated phoneme [p] occurs all other times. Here we see complementary distribution in similar phones. Every time it need not be allophones. For example,[h] and ['] are in complementary distribution, since [h] only occurs at the beginning of a syllable and ['] only at the end. Since they have hardly anything in common in phonetic terms, they are better considered as separate phonemes. Phonological conditioning and conditioning factors: Consider the words- cats, dogs, judges. The final sounds- /s/, /z/, /s/ occur after the sounds /t/, /g/ and /'/, respectively. When the distribution of the various allomorphs can be stated in terms of their phonemic environments, the allomorphs are said to be phonologically conditioned. Phonological conditioning is the most general and productive kind of conditioning of morphemic variants in languages. Phonemic overlapping: Biuniqueness: It is a principle which provides a one-to-one correspondence between phonemic and phonetic levels of analysis. A phonemic description is said to be biunique if phonemes and allophones are unambiguously mapped on to each other. Example: send and sent pronounced as /sent/ and seed and seat pronounced as /si:t/. Neutralization: phonemes that are contrastive in certain environments may not be so in all environments. In those environments where they do not contrast, the contrast is said to be neutralized. Example: consider the word sum: /s'm/. In another word, plumber: /pl'mb'/, since /m/ is followed by a plosive sound /b/, the contrast is lost. Archiphoneme: This is an abstract phonological

Controversial issues in education - Is home education beneficial for Essay

Controversial issues in education - Is home education beneficial for children - Essay Example Home schooling allows the parents to determine the content of the syllabus based on the legal and social provision of a particular state. Various education bodies in the country monitor the conduct of both parents and children in order to ensure the children acquire adequate and appropriate education (Lampmt and Wuthnow, 2008). The concept of home schooling started in 1970s after some educators begun encouraging the parents to conduct tuition for their children at home. Educators and researchers such as Raymond Moore, Dorothy and John Holt led the home schooling movement (Sheng, 2013). The individuals conducted massive campaigns in various schools, media and households encouraging the parents to adopt the home schooling system in order to reduce the cost of education. In addition, they encouraged the parents to utilise home schooling as an avenue for enhancing their relationships with the children (Collom, 2002). The arguments of the researchers were based on the idea that the traditional public and private school environment interfered with the morality of the children. In addition, the scholars highlighted that children concentrate more under the supervision of their parents than under the teachers’ guidance. The idea of home schooling continues to grow significantly in United States because most parents prefer to tutor their children at home. Research indicates that most of the young generation parents prefer home schooling their children in order to enhance their morality and quality of education. In addition, other parents engage their children in home schooling system in order to uphold particular religious beliefs in the society (Mur, 2003). For example, Muslim families in United States educate their children at home in order to incorporate the religious concepts in their training (Aurini and Davies, 2005. Additionally, parents

Electric Vehicles Technology Analysis Essay Example for Free

Electric Vehicles Technology Analysis Essay Hybrid electric vehicles are one of the applications of hybrid technology in real modern life; in which it’s currently a high demand technology and is growing rapidly. Although hybrid vehicles weren’t the latest type of transportation technology to be discovered, since they appeared earlier than gasoline vehicles, because of the cost of research and technology they disappeared a prosperous century of gasoline vehicles began. Nowadays, when the world needs green transportation because of high fossil costs and political reasons, hybrid vehicles returned and development into that type of technology is kicking back to full speed. Hybrid vehicles are the combination between electric engines and gasoline engines. Therefore, they inherit all the characteristics of traditional vehicle and add new functions of electric motor to help the vehicles save energy as well as reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Many vehicle manufacturers such as BMW, GMC, and Toyota are applying hybrid technology in producing their cars. One of the main reasons that hybrid vehicle are not as popular as regular gas powered vehicles is their prices. Most consumers don’t want to pay the extra $5,000- to $8,000 price tag to buy a vehicle that they don’t see the instant benefits of. Nevertheless hybrid vehicles will bring the benefits to their users and the environment, but not immediately when they buy the Hybrid vehicle. While in use, Hybrid vehicles will reduce the fuel consumption by an average of 42% which in return would be also good for the environment as it reduces greenhouse gas emissions by about 42% than the usual amount. However, in addition to what Hybrid vehicle offers the public in money savings by consuming less fuel and supporting a greener environment, it also made it possible for the public to accept alternative power sources for their vehicles. Also, hybrid technology has helped expand the research into battery power, battery life and battery size which helped in emerging of newer technology of fully electrical cars that doesn’t use any gas, for example: The Nissan Leaf. In the meanwhile, currently the available fully electrical vehicles (Nissan Leaf) on the market have advantages of totally being gas independent, and faster acceleration than some of the hybrid cars (I personally test drove the Nissan Leaf both on city streets and on the highway and I think it accelerated a lot better than my 2010 Toyota Prius hybrid. ). In my opinion the technology still not fully developed to be the most reliable form of transportation for an individual or a house hold use, since you can’t drive more than 100 miles per full charge as advertised; which I am sure it’s a little bit less based on consumers review (around 75-85 miles per full charge. ) In the near future I can imagine that fully electrical cars be more reliable and go in between 700 to1000 miles per full charge, of course it will take its course of development just like any other new technology that starts small and gets bigger by time. I imagine in the next couple years electrical cars will be able to go anywhere in between 100 to 200 miles per charge, then in the following few years from 200 to 300 miles per full charge, etc†¦ Furthermore, in my opinion I think that gas engines are a thing of the past and I can see in the future Hybrid engines and electrical engines replacing everything that we are using today, from gas powered vehicles to airplanes, from motorcycles to scooters and lawnmower to children toys. In conclusion, the human race is using new technologies to try to fix the harm they caused the environment by creating products that don’t contribute to the pollution of our environment and many consumers hope that hybrid and electrical motors technology would help reduce the pollution and contribute to help save our environment.

Economic Topics Essay Example for Free

Economic Topics Essay Discuss how the government can use discretionary fiscal policy and automatic stabilisers to stabilise fluctuations in real GDP. What tools does the government have at its discretion to stabilise the economy? Suppose the government decides to decrease income taxes. Show in a diagram and explain how this policy will lead to an increase in real GDP. Explain how potential output may be affected. Any government program that tends to reduce fluctuations in GDP automatically is called an automatic stabilizer. The reduction in economic activity automatically reduced tax payments, reducing the impact of the downturn on disposable personal income. Furthermore, the reduction in incomes increased transfer payment spending, boosting disposable personal income further. Fiscal policy is the use of government expenditures and taxes to influence the level of economic activity; it is the government counterpart to monetary policy. Fiscal policy is the best counter-stabilisation tool available to any government. Discretionary government spending and tax policies can be used to shift aggregate demand. Expansionary fiscal policy might consist of an increase in government purchases or transfer payments, a reduction in taxes, or a combination of these tools to shift the aggregate demand curve to the right. A contractionary fiscal policy might involve a reduction in government purchases or transfer payments, an increase in taxes, or a mix of all three to shift the aggregate demand curve to the left. Income taxes affect the consumption component of aggregate demand. A reduction in income taxes increases disposable personal income, increases consumption (but by less than the change in disposable personal income), and increases aggregate demand. That shifts the aggregate demand curve rightward by an amount equal to the initial change in consumption that the change in income taxes produces times the multiplier. Suppose, for example, that income taxes are reduced by $200 billion. Only some of the increase in disposable personal income will be used for consumption and the rest will be saved. Suppose the initial increase in consumption is $180 billion. Then the shift in the aggregate demand curve will be a multiple of $180 billion; if the multiplier is 2, aggregate demand will shift to the right by $360 billion. Thus, the equilibrium level of real GDP rises to $12,260 billion, and the price level rises to P2. $12,000 $ 12,260 $12,360 The economy shown here is initially in equilibrium at a real GDP of $12,000 billion and a price level of P1. A reduce of $200 billion in the level of Income Taxes (ΔT) shifts the aggregate demand curve to the right by $360 billion to AD2. The equilibrium level of real GDP rises to $12,260 billion, while the price level rises to P2.

Definitions in Anatomy and Physiology

Definitions in Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy is a science for the study of different parts of living organisms, animal or plant types either by sectioning or other methods; it studies the size, structure and the relating elements, structuring a body, a plant, etc. We distinguish general anatomy, which also takes into account the analysis of physiology. Physiology is the study of the mode of operation of the numerous existing living creatures. Specifically, it is about understanding how the human body works, the role of each organ and its functioning mechanisms found in the organism but also, the function that each living organism occupies in its environment. When referring to the human anatomy and physiology, we are likely to be using the pathology to understand when the human body faces diseases and illnesses, caused by the dysfunction of certain organs and the symptoms that help specialists and scientists diagnose certain illnesses. To understand the human anatomy, scientist and biologists use various anatomical terms to describe and locate parts of the body, so what are the directional terms, body planes and the terminology used to identify the various body regions? We start with the directional terms, terms used by the anatomists and medical professionals to identify, locate and explain the body structure and positioning in regards to another. As we can see below:      Ã‚   Definition Description Example Superior A structure above another The chin is superior to the navel Inferior A structure below another The navel is inferior to the chin. Superficial Towards or on the   surface The skin is superficial to the muscle Deep Away from the surface, internal. The lungs are deep in the ribs Lateral Away from the midline of the body The nipple is lateral to the breast bone Medial Towards the midline of the body The nose is medial to the eye Proximal Closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure The elbow is proximal to the wrist. Distal Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure The wrist is distal to the elbow Anterior The front of the body The navel is anterior to the spine Posterior The back of the body The spine is posterior to the breastbone Ipsilateral On the same side of the body Right arm and shoulder Contralateral On opposite sides of the body Legs Parietal Relating to a body cavity wall Bones of the skull Visceral Relating to organs within body cavities Lungs The diagram below explains the directional terms. Blank Canvas taken from Google. Figure.1 Figure 1. Directional Terms in Anatomy. To understand the human body better, there are ways of facilitating the understanding of what lies inside, structure wise, body planes are one way. Sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves. If we cut the person in a straight vertical line from the head through the belly button and down to the toes, the median plane, therefore, result equal right and left halves of the body. See Fig.2 Coronal plane is a line/cut that separates the body into anterior and posterior parts, splits the body into front and back halves. This type of division is why the coronal plane is sometimes referred to as the frontal plane. See Fig.2 Transverse plane, this is a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. This plane runs perpendicular to the coronal and median planes and in an upright human is parallel, or horizontal, to the ground. This is why its also called the horizontal plane. Anatomy and Physiology for dummies. See Fig.2 Blank canvas taken from Google. Fig.2 Figure. 2 Body Planes in Anatomy If we take the body standing in the following anatomical position as shown below Fig.3, I can recall these major regions (from the outside of the body) and how they relate to each other in the anatomical position highlighted as follows: The cephalic region (head) or cranial region (skull) is at the top of the body and visible from the front and rear. The cervical region (neck) starts below the head, ends at the thorax, and is visible from the front and rear from under the head to the shoulders. The dorsal region (back) runs from immediately below the neck down to the area below the waist. It doesnt include the shoulders. Its visible from the rear. The thorax starts immediately below the neck, at the clavicles, and ends along the bottom of the rib cage. Its visible from the front. The abdomen starts along the bottom of the rib cage and extends to the hips. Its visible from the front. The pelvis starts where the abdomen ends and takes up the area between the hip bones. The perineum is between the thighs so very little is visible in the anatomical position. The upper extremities include the shoulders, arms, forearms, elbows, wrists, and hands and are visible from the front and the back The lower extremities include the hips, buttocks, thighs, knees, legs, ankles, and feet. The buttocks are visible only from the rear, but the rest of the lower extremities are visible from the front and the rear. Figure.3 Anatomical regional terms annotated diagram (blank canvas taken from Google) Part B: In histology a study of cells and tissues, the human body is a synchronised cycle of components, a structure harmonised and coherence between chemicals, cells, tissues, organs and systems to form a human body. As detailed briefly in the following order: Every organism, humans, animals and plants are formed of cells. Animal cells and plant cells have a joined characteristic like a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes. Plant cells have a cell wall, and most of the time a permanent chloroplast and vacuole. Each and specific cell has a special task or particular function, although there are different type of cells, the basic structure of a cell remains the same. Solutions pass into and out of the cells by diffusion; this sometimes is called osmosis when the water passes into and out of the cell. So what are the cell and tissue types and their functions in the human body? A group of different types of cells form tissues in the human body and one or more types of tissues form organs that work together in a harmonious manner to form the organ system. Nerve cells: These cells do not multiply in a human body life time. Once formed during fetus, they live till the entire life of a human body. They exist all over the body and some are as long as a few meters long. There are human brain cells and are found in a massive population in the brain and the spinal cord this is what forms the nervous tissue. Bone cells (Osteocytes) These are considered the toughest body cell systems and are bound together by calcium and phosphate, they give strength, support and framework to the body by enclosing organs in skeletal system i.e. bones. Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) these cells are made of a loose and flexible material. We find them in the ear, spinal bones, joints etc. Muscle cells:   There are three types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle cells and are rich in proteins actin and myosin, muscle cells can contract and relax to provide movements. Secretory cells: These cells secrete and form glands, for example: pancreatic cells which secrete insulin, glucagon, salivary gland secrete saliva, sebaceous gland secrete oil on the skin. They are found in all secretory organs. Adipose cells: These are fat cells and considered as storage to store fat. Example: the soles, palms, buttocks, etc. They reduce friction to the body. Blood cells: They are always mobile and active carry oxygen and nutrients to all cells and organs. They have limited life span and they never multiply to form new cells. Instead new cells are formed from other cells. As we know, there are four types of tissues, Epithelial, Connective, muscular and nervous as I explained in the examples above. Epithelium: its main function is to protect the human body from the outside world acts as a barrier i.e. skin. It also absorbs i.e. stomach and intestinal lining (gut). Also, it filters, i.e. kidneys and it secretes as the glands do. Its also good at fixing itself, regenerating i.e. skin burns. Connective: its main function is bound together, wrapping around and cushioning and protecting organs. Stores nutrients and give an internal support for organs, i.e. tendon and ligaments protect joints and attached muscles to bone and each other, it runs through organs and in deep layers of skin producing strength. Nervous: this is very important as it is the communication element in the body to receive and give signals, this conducts impulses to and from body organs via neurons i.e. brain, spinal cord and nerves. Muscle: this is responsible for the body movements, moves blood, food, and waste bodys organs and responsible for the mechanical digestion.

Legal Issues Surrounding First Aid Essay -- essays research papers

First aid is the initial care given to a sick or injured person before more formal medical assistance is applied. The goal of first aid is to intervene actively to prevent further damage, to provide life support, and to begin effective treatment of the victim's condition, to minimize injury and prevent death. Although first aid is not a substitute for medical care, those trained in first aid are able to assess the nature and the extent of an emergency and determine the best course of action to take until professional medical help arrives. The need for training in first aid is evident, considering that injury is the fourth leading cause of death. Falls are the most common cause of injury, but motor vehicle accidents are the most lethal, accounting for 22 percent of injury deaths. An important thing to know when dealing with a first aid situation is to be up to date as far as procedures are concerned. Procedures like slapping a choking person on the back, putting iodine on a wound, cutting an X on a snake bite, putting ointment on burns, or using a tourniquet to stop bleeding are old, out dated procedures and have been replaced by new ones from the Red Cross association. If you decide to administer first aid, be sure you are familiar with current procedures. First aid begins with a scene survey. Before approaching a victim, a survey of the area is necessary to determine if conditions surrounding the incident may place the victim and the rescuer in danger. Next, the primary survey will determine if lifesaving procedures must be immediately performed to save the victim's life. The primary survey involves checking the ABC's: A: Is the airway opened and the victim's neck stabilized? B: Is the patient breathing? C: Is the victim's blood circulating? Is there a pulse? Or is there active bleeding? Lifesaving procedures include cardiopulmonary resuscitation , which may be needed to provide basic life support when a victim has no pulse and is not breathing. The Heimlich maneuver aids choking victims by forcing ejection of obstructing material from the windpipe. The severity of spinal cord injuries has decreased 30-45 percent due to awareness that the neck must be stabilized before moving the accident victim. External bleeding is controlled by direct pressure and elevation of the bleeding site. The secondary survey is a total body examination, ... ...ng. The careful use of this skill and training will not only enhance the physical welfare of the persons you care for but will also enhance your own legal welfare. On a closing note, here is a copy of Indiana's Good Samaritan Law as an example of almost every other states Good Samaritan Law. "From and after the effective date of this act, no civil action can be brought against a person licensed to practice the healing arts in the state of Indiana, who has gratuitously rendered first aid or emergency care at the scene of an accident, casualty or disaster to a person injured therein, for the recovery of civil damages as a result of any act or omission by the said person rendering such first aid or emergency care in the rendering of such first aid or emergency care. This immunity does not apply to acts or omissions constituting gross negligence or willful or wanton misconduct." As you can see, there is essentially nothing to lose if you administer first aid as long as you try your best to help and know what you are doing. Keep in mind that helping someone in a life and death matter is a very big commitment, so make sure you are willing to do so before you act.

Surge Irrigation Essay -- Technology Science Agriculture Essays

Surge Irrigation Surface irrigation is not new technology, but through research and the incorporation of some inventive measures, advances in this area have provided the needed responses to make this type of irrigation increasingly appealing. Not only is water quality a major concern, but current farmers must now monitor water quality and provide adequate crop protection measures to insure a good yield. Water availability is affected by falling water tables, droughts and stressed by the increasing water demand of growing urban populations (Moody 1993). Likewise, local and federal governments create strict water utilization laws, limiting chemical concentrations of particular substances in surface waters throughout the nation. In addition to adhering to the aforementioned tasks, irrigators must correctly apply supplemental water such that the crop’s needs are also met without â€Å"over-application†. The primary goals of any irrigation system are to minimize deep percolation of water and replenish soil water in the root zone along the entire field (Goldhammer 1987). Thus, to achieve effective water management, an irrigator should utilize the least amount of water needed to sustain profitable yield amounts. In addition, the major concerns of managing irrigation water are controlling runoff, decreasing deep percolation, providing sufficient drainage, and limiting energy and the associated labor costs. For a small or medium sized operation with limited resources, labor and maintenance costs are important factors when selecting an irrigation system. A study conducted by Dr. Stephen H. Amosson (1995) compared six alternative irrigation systems (gated pipe, surge flow, side roll, high pressure pivot, low pressur... ...s Department of the Interior. Goldhammer, D.A., M.H. Alemi and R.C. Phene (1987) Surge vs. Continuous-Flow Irrigation. California Agriculture, September-October 1987. Hill, R.W. and G. Stringham (1994) Surge Flow Irrigation: Automatic Surface Irrigation Demonstration for Summer Onion Tour. Cooperative Extension Service & Biological and Irrigation Engineering Department, Utah State University Moody, V. (1993) The Benefits of Surge. Irrigation Journal, March 1993. New, Leon (1995) Opportunities to Maximize the Utilization of Waters by Irrigators. Texas Agricultural Extension Service. Varlev, I., Z. Popova, I. Gospodinov (1998) Furrow Surge Irrigation as a Water Saving Technique. Water and the Environment: Innovation in Irrigation and Drainage, 1st Inter-regional Conference Proceedings, Lisbon, Portugal, September 1998, pp-131-139.

The Benefits of Integrating Computers into the Early Childhood Classroom :: Teaching Education

The Advantages of Integrating Computers into the Early Childhood Classroom Each year, new technologies hold the promise to alter the way we think and learn. Computers are prevalent everywhere, and they are making their way into school systems around the country (Roberts, Carter, Friel, and Miller, 1988). It is obvious that there is a demand for technological instruction in high school and college. However, the question of if computers should be implemented into early childhood classrooms is still prudent. With computers all around us, it is inevitable that children will be exposed to them, and they will eventually be facilitated into their daily lives. The purpose of this research paper is to explore the advantages, disadvantages, and methods of integrating computers into the early childhood classroom. How Computers Effect Young Children Early childhood experiences should maximize young children’s overall growth and development. Their eyes should be opened to the wonderment of learning and the pleasures of discovery. Computers can by an important tool to optimize young children’s potential, and help aid the learning process (Scoter 2001). Before deciding to introduce children to computers, it is important to address the potential benefits and dangers the machines have on youths. Potential Dangers Some people believe that computers should not have a place in early childhood classrooms. They speculate that computers will rob children of their childhood, replace other activities, reduce creativity, and lead to social isolation. It is feared that computers will force them to learn what they are not ready to learn. The machines are often viewed as one more thing to rush young children through their vital childhood years (Scoter, 2001). Whether computers will rob children of their childhood totally depends on how they are used. If children are forced to use computers for lengthy periods of time with drill software, computers could very well rob them of their childhood. On the other hand, if computers are used in appropriate ways that meet children’s development level, they can benefit young children, and teach them what they are ready to learn (NAEYC, 2001). It is also believed that computers will replace other childhood activities, such as building with blocks, painting pictures, or playing â€Å"house†. Exposure to computers may hinder children’s developing understanding of the real world. In reality, this does not occur. Whenever something new, whether it is a paint set or a computer, is first introduced into a classroom, all the children want to use it.

Discuss Media Influences On Prosocial Behaviour Essay

Pro-social behaviours are actions which aim to help others. For example, helping, sharing and caring for others. It seems as though the media can have a positive effect on individuals. It can have an influence on pro-social behaviour, and there are different explanations which help us to understand how the media does it. Being exposed to pro-social behaviour is one way in which the media can have a positive effect on people. Essentially, this explanation argues that when people are exposed to pro-social behaviour on TV and other sources of the media, they then become influenced by it. For example, if a character in a TV programme does something helpful, this explanation would argue that the person, who is exposed to this pro-social behaviour, would be affected by what they are seeing and this would then mean that they will copy that pro-social behaviour and also become helpful in real life. Greenberg carried out an analysis of popular children’s programmes in the US and found that there were an equivalent number of pro-social and antisocial acts. This shows us that the media does provide us with pro-social acts and it also shows us that we are exposed to these pro-social behaviours even though at times we may not be aware of it. Woodard carried out a research which showed that 77% of children’s programmes in the US contained pro-social messages. So, according to this explanation, anyone, who watches these children’s programmes, would be exposed to the pro-social acts and then they would copy the pro social acts and display them in real life situations. However, having said that, this research is ethnocentric as it was carried out in the US. This means that we cannot generalise the results to the rest of the population as it is culturally biased. For example, in other parts of the world, children may only be exposed to antisocial behaviour in TV programmes and yet they still behave in a pro-social way. This, therefore, raises the question as to whether or not the media can actually have a positive effect on individuals who are being exposed to pro-social behaviour-it might just be the person’s personality that is causing them to show pro-social behaviours rather than the media influencing that person. One strength of this explanation is the fact it is realistic to an extent. For example, it seems realistic that if a child is exposed to pro-social acts on TV, they would then get influenced by what they are seeing, and this would then lead them into copying that pro social behaviour. There has been a lot cases where children, who have watched programmes such as Bob the builder, have copied what they have seen in these programmes and then used what they have witnessed to help their friends and families to solve a problem. Another strength of this explanation is the fact that it can have a positive effect on parenting as this explanation can help parents to understand that what their children are watching can influence the way in which they behave. For example, parents may become cautious about what their children are watching on TV- they may encourage their children to watch TV programmes which contain more pro-social acts and less antisocial behaviours and this could potentially mean that their children may display more pro-social behaviours later on life.

Private And Public University Teachers Job Education Essay

Abstraction: This paper explores the difference in occupation satisfaction between private and public sector universities instructors of Karachi, Pakistan. Based on elaborate literature reappraisal, following hypothesis had formulated ; Private University instructors are more satisfied with their occupations as compared to Public University instructors. The sample of the survey comprises of 160 participants, 80 populace ( 40 males ; 40 females ) university instructors and 80 private ( 40 males ; 40 females ) university instructors of Karachi, Pakistan. Age scope was from 24 to 65 and mean age was 38.92 ( SD 8.353 ) . A Job Satisfaction Survey ( Spector, 1997 ) was administered to mensurate occupation satisfaction. For statistical analysis, independent â€Å" T † trial was performed to obtain the difference between private and public university instructors on occupation satisfaction. A consequence suggests important difference between Private and Public University instructors. Furthermore, private university instructors were more satisfied with their occupation as compared to public university instructors.1 IntroductionJob satisfaction is an of import facet of employees ‘ work life. Different researches have been conducted on employees involved in assorted businesss, ensuing in raised consciousness about issues refering employees and factors that influence employees ‘ occupation satisfaction. Therefore, a better penetration of direction of factors associated with occupation satisfaction can better the quality of worker public presentation. Harmonizing to the findings of Bowran and Todd ( 1999 ) , â€Å" occupation satisfaction and occupation public presentation are positively correlated † . Job satisfaction does non merely better public presentation of the workers, it besides affects other countries of a individual ‘s life. Hackman & A ; Oldman ( 1980 ) found that a higher occupation satisfaction is associated with increased produ ctiveness, lower absenteeism and lower employee turnover. Education is one of the cardinal demands of societies ; it non merely gives a feeling of achievement and fulfilment to the 1s leaving instruction but besides lays foundation for a new coevals to happen its right values and academic expertness for the hereafter. Therefore, instruction is a profession that needs particular attending and attention by society.The educationalists, therefore, are the people who need to be satisfied with their occupations for other sectors to have future employees. Higher instruction, in fact, is the genteelness land for the professional of highest quality in a society. It channelizes immature ; peoples ‘ aspirations and aspirations and turns them into effectual workers for diverse employment sectors. For these educationalists, occupation satisfaction in the signifier of good wage bundle, healthy work environment that is positive and larning oriented can take to maximization of their possible as leaders, visionaries and function theoretical accounts. Robins ( 2005 ) defined occupation satisfaction as a aggregation of feelings that an single holds towards his or her occupation. In other words, â€Å" Job satisfaction can be defined as the grade to which persons feel positively or negatively about their occupations ( Schermerhorn. Jr, et al. , 2005 ) † There is an imperative function of higher instruction in the success of any state. In higher instruction, its module plays a critical function. Merely when the module members are satisfied with their occupation, they can heighten the rational and academic potency of pupils. Job satisfaction of module members is based on a assortment of factors like personal factors, societal support systems, and wellness or fittingness of module and decision makers moderate the negative relationships between occupation strain, wellness, life satisfaction, and occupation satisfaction ( Blackbum, Horowitz, Edington, and Klos, 1986 ) . A survey by Sorcinelli and Near ( 1989 ) found that the occupation satisfaction of university module is independent of gender and positively correlated with academic rank. They besides suggest that occupation satisfaction is positively related to module ‘s life satisfaction and their non-work satisfaction. Another of import component that affects occupation satisfaction of module members is the sector from which they belong i.e. public or private university. The authorities or populace sector has some encouraging inducements like class based wages and occupation security. Private sector instructors have other optimistic wagess, which include, higher wages, good work status, disputing work undertakings etc. There are different factors in Private and Public University that can act upon the public presentation of the module for illustration, occupation security, wage, working status, contingent wages, relationship with colleagues, publicity, supervising, periphery benefits, communicating with other co-workers, and nature of work. Pay overall effects the grade of occupation satisfaction. A survey of university academic staff by Pearson and Seiler ( 1983 ) found, â€Å" faculty members have high degrees of dissatisfaction with compensation-related elements of the occupation ( e.g. , fringe benefits, wage, and public presentation standards ) † . Assorted researches findings show that pay degree of public and private sector employees is one of the beginnings of dissatisfaction. A survey of Voydanoff, ( 1980 ) findings shown that, â€Å" pecuniary compensation is one of the most important variables in explicating occupation satisfaction † . In their survey of public sector directors, Taylor and West ( 1992 ) found that wage degrees affect occupation satisfaction, describing that those public employees that compared their wages with those of private sector employees experienced lower degrees of occupation satisfaction. Another research behavior by Boone and Kuntz ( 1992 ) suggest that, offering employ ees just and sensible compensation, which relates to the input the employee offers the organisation, should be the chief aim of any compensation system. Included in the class of compensation are such points as medical assistance strategies, pension strategies, fillips, paid leave and travel allowances. A publicity chance improves motive of employees. Harmonizing to the research, â€Å" An employee ‘s chances for publicity are besides likely to exercise an influence on occupation satisfaction ( Landy, 1989 ; Larwood, 1984 ; Moorhead & A ; Griffen, 1992 ; Vecchio, 1988 ) † . In add-on, Robbins ( 1998 ) maintains that, â€Å" publicities provide chances for personal growing, increased duty, and increased societal position. † Not merely publicity chances but besides merit-base publicity gives satisfaction to its employees. Witt and Nye found that ( 1992 ) , â€Å" Persons who perceive that publicity determinations are made in a just and merely mode are likely to see satisfaction from their occupations † . A survey by Moses conducted on academic staff ( 1986 ) supports the position that, â€Å" module was dissatisfied with the undervaluing of learning excellence in publicity determinations. † She concluded, â€Å" aˆÂ ¦ tenured and well-paid emplo yment provides satisfaction of the lower-order demands, whereas esteemed and independent work enables academic staff to fulfill to a greater degree higher-order demands than is possible for the general population ( e.g. , esteem need the demand for self-actualization ) † . Employees are likely to hold high degrees of occupation satisfaction if supervisors provide them with support and co-operation in finishing their undertakings ( Tinging, 1997 ) . Consequences of other survey show that the, â€Å" quality of the supervisor-subordinate relationship will hold a important, positive influence on the employee ‘s overall degree of occupation satisfaction ( Aamodt, 1999 ) † . Employees besides feels more satisfaction if the supervisors take sentiment from them in their determinations. Furthermore, as described by Chieffo ( 1991 ) , â€Å" supervisors who allow their employees to take part in determinations that affect their ain occupations will, in making so, excite higher degrees of employee satisfaction † . The Relationship with colleagues in any organisation plays a important function on the worker ‘s satisfaction. Kalleberg found that ( 1977 ) , â€Å" good work dealingss with colleagues can raise occupation satisfaction † . A survey conducted by Manger and Eikeland ( 1990 ) found that, â€Å" dealingss with co-workers were the largest forecaster of purpose to go forth the university † . Communication is an of import vehicle at workplace and high-quality interaction between colleagues increase occupation satisfaction. Harmonizing to Avtgis ( 2000 ) , â€Å" people who reported increased communicating and high wages in communicating besides reported greater relational satisfaction and greater perceived organisational influence † . Working status is another important characteristic of occupation that motivates employees to remain in their occupation. Harmonizing to Flowers & A ; Hughes ( 1973 ) , â€Å" the relationship between occupation satisfaction and environmental factors, peculiarly in accounting for grounds that employees stay in their occupations † . Harmonizing to Luthans ( 1998 ) , if people work in a clean, friendly environment they will happen it easier to come to work. If the opposite happens, they will happen it hard to carry through undertakings. Vorster ( 1992 ) maintains that working conditions are merely likely to hold a important impact on occupation satisfaction when, for illustration, the on the job conditions are either highly good or highly hapless. Furthermore, employee ailments sing working conditions are often related to manifestations of underlying jobs ( Luthans, 1992 ; Visser, 1990 ; Vorster, 1992 ) . Nature of work is besides one ground, which can fulfill or dissatisfy emplo yees. Harmonizing to Ninomiya and Okato ( 1990 ; cited in Mwamwenda, 1995 ) , â€Å" occupation satisfaction among instructors was associated with freedom to make their work as they saw tantrum, a sufficient supply of larning stuff and equipment, a good wage, a sensible category size every bit good as the support and cooperation of co-workers † . The reappraisal of literature showed there are different elements, which contribute to occupation satisfaction of the employees among instructors of Public and Private Universities. Among these factors are wage, publicity, contingent wages, nature of work, working status, nature of work, fringe benefits, supervising, and communicating. Therefore, in planing a survey to research difference in occupation satisfaction between Private and Public University instructors, it is important to reflect on these factors. The aim of this survey is to happen out difference in occupation satisfaction between Private and Public University instructors in add-on to what are the different factors that affect the satisfaction degree of the instructors towards his/her occupation. The undermentioned hypothesis was formulated based on old literature: Private Sector University instructors are more satisfied with their occupations as compared to Public Se ctor University instructors.2. Methods2.1 SampleA sample comprises of 160 instructors, 80 populace ( 40 males ; 40 females ) university instructors, and 80 ( 40 males ; 40 females ) private university instructors of Karachi, Pakistan. Age scope was from 24 to 65 and mean age was 38.92 ( SD 8.353 ) . Education degree was Masters 80.5 % , MPhil 9.5 % , and PhD 3.8 % . Duration of the service ranged from1 to 32 old ages, and the mean continuance was 8.76 old ages ( SD 7.049 ) . The occupation places of the participants were lectors ( 32.5 % ) , adjunct professors ( 41.25 % ) , associate professors ( 18.75 % ) , and professors ( 7.5 % ) . All respondents were lasting module members who worked in public and private universities.2.2 MeasureA demographic signifier was used, dwelling of several inquiries about gender, age, academic making, occupation position, matrimonial position, organisation type, and length of service. The Job Satisfaction Survey ( JSS ; Spector, 1997 ) JSS is a nine-subscale step of employee occupation satisfaction. The nine aspects are 1 ) wage, 2 ) publicity, 3 ) supervising, 4 ) periphery benefits, 5 ) contingent wagess, 6 ) operating conditions, 7 ) colleagues, 8 ) nature of work, and 9 ) communicating. The JSS consists of 36 points to be rated by participants on a 6-point likert format response graduated table ( i.e. , disagrees really much, disagree reasonably, disagree somewhat, agree somewhat, agree reasonably, and hold really much ) . In the present survey, JSS found to be internally consistent at the degree of = .822. The universities instructors were approached from different sections such as module sections, than the, intent of present research was explained to them, and they were requested to take part in the present survey ( written consent was taken ) . Many of them rejected to take part, and those who agreed to take part were farther preceded in the survey. The resonance was established by presenting ego and than by stating about the aim of the survey. They were ensured about confidentiality that their provided information would be used merely for research intent and their named will non mentioned in this survey, they were besides informed that their engagement will be on voluntary footing and they can go forth the survey at any phase. After set uping resonance and trust, participants were provided with demographic signifier to obtain their personal information. After taking demographic information, Job Satisfaction Survey ( JSS ; Paul E Spector, 1994 ) was administered in order to measure J ob satisfaction of the ( employees ) participants. After completion of steps, participants were thanked for being engagement in this research and for their cherished clip. After completion of informations, demographic signifier was analyzed and Job Satisfaction Survey was scored harmonizing to the instructions given in the manual.3. ConsequencesIn order to analyse informations in footings of statistics foremost, informations was tabulated on Microsoft excel sheet. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS ) , version 16.0 was used for all statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics for demographic information and t-test was performed in order to happen out difference on occupation satisfaction between private university instructors and public universities instructors. The consequence of the survey suggests that important difference was found between Public and Private University instructors on the variable of Pay ( t=-3.138, p & lt ; .05 ) ; Promotion ( t=-2.174, p & lt ; .05 ) ; Fringe Benefit ( t=-2.554, p & lt ; .05 ) ; Contingent Rewards ( t= 3.823, P & lt ; .05 ) ; Operating Conditions ( t= -2.247, P & lt ; .05 ) ; and Nature of Work ( t=-2.482, p & lt ; .05 ) . However, no difference was found on the variable of Communication ( t=.315, P & gt ; .05 ) ; Co- Workers ( t= -.878, P & gt ; .05 ) ; and Supervision ( t=-.595, p & gt ; .05 ) .4. DiscussionThe consequence of the survey shows that there is important difference in occupation satisfaction between Private and Public university instructors. Harmonizing to the findings of the survey on the variable of wage, publicity, periphery benefit, contingent wages, and working status there is a important difference in occupation satisfaction of private and public university instructors. Additionally, undistinguished difference was found between private and public university instructors on the variable of communicating, supervising, and colleagues. A bivariate analysis of the consequences depicts that there is difference in occupation satisatfaction between public and private university instructors. Literature besides suggests that differences between public and private sector employees exist ( Goulet & A ; Frank, 2002 ; Perry, 2000 ; Perry & A ; Rainey, 1988 ; Wright, 2001 ) . Furthermore, employees choose to work for public sector organisations based on other outlooks and promises and therefore they support the thought that public sector employees are motivated by different facets than public sector employees ( Borzaga & A ; Tortia, 2006 ; Burgess & A ; Ratto, 2003 ; Perry & A ; Wise, 1990 ) . As private university provides assorted installations to their instructors for illustration, competitory wage bundles, satisfactory working environment, publicities, as compare public universities. The consequences of the survey shows that private university instructors are more satisfied with their wage as comparison to public university instructors. Harmonizing to Volkwein & A ; Parmley, ( 2004 ) Public sector organisations are financially honoring their employees slightly less than private sector organisations and are offering less careear development chances. In add-on, on the variable of contingent wages and frienge benfits important difference was foud between private and public university instructors. Literature besides suggests that Burgess and Ratto ( 2003 ) wage is non the best inducement for public sector workers because public sector employees are motivated by other inducements than private sector workers. The possible account of this determination is that fringe benefits include wellness insurance, retirement benefits, pension program, life insurance, and wellness insurance, and private universities in Pakistan offereing high-quality programs to their instructor as campare to public sector universities. Harmonizing to the consequences of the survey on the variable of nature of work private university instructors were more satisfied than public university instructors. Aryee ( 1992 ) studies that public sector employees perceive a lower quality of occupation content and are less motivated. A recent survey of Lyons, Duxbury and Higgins ( 2006 ) reveals differences in work-related values, particularly in the values: part of the occupation to society, chances for promotion, disputing work and esteemed work. Along with nature work runing status is besides lending a cardinal function in occupation satisfaction. Private universities in Pakistan supplying well-equiped work environment which includes computing machines, cyberspace installations, digital librararies with latest books, suites for modules that will actuate employees and increase their occupation satisfaction. However, the consequences on the variable of colleagues and communicating suggest no difference in private and public university instructor. In both sector instructor ‘s communicating and relationship with worker is non changing because its human demand to be affiliated with each other no affair from which civilization or sector they belong. This determination is in line with Gabris & A ; Simo ( 1995 ) that public sector and private sector employees do non differ on the demand for association. In the visible radiation of the findings of this survey no difference was found between public and private university instructors on the variable of supervising. Both sector university instructors are satisfied with their supervising. The findings support the difference in occupation satisfaction between private and public University instructors. The consequences have deductions for the policy shapers and the authorities that dissatisfied instructors in the univerersity can non satisfied pupils need. Furthermore, it will give rise to turnover, absenteesim and low motive in their work. Deriving a thorough apprehension of occupation satisfaction has deductions for bettering the working life of module members via supplying penetrations to decision makers responsible for planing and implementing staff development schemes and intercessions within the higher instruction context. There are some restrictions of the present survey. First, the survey depended on self-reported informations. There is ever a hazard of being biased and selective callback when utilizing such informations ( Smith & A ; Glass, 1987 ) . Second, the afore-mentioned findings derived from an aimed convenience trying procedure ; hence, the generalizability of the findings is limited. Finally, this survey coversPublic and private university instructors from Karachi. Expansion on the present survey would let greater cognition into the forecasters of occupation satisfaction in the instruction profession.5. DecisionTo reason, findings of the survey illustrates that occupation satisfaction improves public presentation of the instructors. These findings suggest that when instructors are satisfied with ther occupation they can enhace the academic potency of the students.In add-on ; there is difference in occupation satisfaction between public and private university instructors in occupation satisf action.

Nike History Essay

1. HISTORY 1960s Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight founded Nike Inc. as Blue Ribbon Sports with a handshake and only $1,000 in capital in 1964. The partners first began their relationship at the University of Oregon where Bowerman was Knight’s track and field coach. While attending Stanford University, Knight wrote a paper about breaking Germany’s domination of the U.S. domestic athletic shoe industry by distributing low-cost, high-quality Japanese athletic shoes to American consumers. In an attempt to realize his theory, Knight visited Japan and built an agreement with the Onitsuka Tiger company, a manufacturer of quality athletic shoes, to sell Tiger shoes in the United States. Since Bowerman and Knight each had full-time jobs, they needed someone to manage the growing requirements of Blue Ribbon Sports. Jeff Johnson, a runner himself, became the first full-time employee of Blue Ribbon Sports in 1965, and quickly became an indispensable man for the start-up company. Knight sold Tiger’s shoes at local track meets grossing $8,000 of sales in their first year. In 1966, Bowerman, who had designed shoes for his university athletes in the past, worked with Tiger and designed the Cortez running shoe. The shoe was a worldwide success for the Onitsuka Tiger Company and was sold at the first Blue Ribbon Sports store. The company’s profits grew quickly. During the same year, BRS (Blue Ribbon Sports) also opened its first retail store, located on Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California. 1970s In 1971, BRS, with some creditor’s support, started manufacturing its own line of shoes, and therefore its relationship with Onitsuka Tiger started to fall apart. Knight and Bowerman were ready to make the jump from being a footwear distributor to designing and manufacturing their own brand of athletic shoes. The first BRS’ shoe was a soccer shoe that bore the Nike brand name, referring to the Greek Goddess of Victory, and the Swoosh trademark, which was designed by a student at Portland University for a fee of only $35. 1972 marked the definite breakup of the BRS/Tiger relationship. BRS soon changed its name to Nike, Inc. and debuted itself at the Olympic trials, which were about to be held in the same year. In 1973, Steve  Prefontaine was the first prominent track star to wear Nike shoes. The late 70’s and early 80’s also saw other important athletes such as John McEnroe, Carl Lewis, and Joan Benoit sporting Nike shoes. Nike popularity grew so much that in 1979 they claimed 50% of the U.S. market and the company went public in December of that year with 2,700 employees and by selling 2 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange. 1980s The 1980’s were marked by revenues of more than $1 billion, the formation of Nike International Ltd., and the â€Å"Just Do It† campaign (1988), which was chosen by Advertising Age as one of the top five ad slogans of the 20th century. The series of this campaign included three advertisements with a young athlete named Bo Jackson, who espoused the benefits of a new cross-training shoe. By the mid-1980s, Nike slipped from its position as industry leader, partly because the company had miscalculated on the industry boom, giving new competitors an almost completely open field to develop the business. Fortunately though, the debut of the new signature shoe for an NBA recruit by the name of Michael Jordan in 1985 helped strenghten Nike’s bottom line. In 1989, Nike’s business exploded, thanks in part to the incredibly popular â€Å"Bo Knows† advertiement campaign. Nike also expanded its product line by including specialty apparel for a variety of sports. By the end of the decade, Nike had regained its position as the industry leader. This was the only time a company in the athletic footwear/apparel industry had accomplished such a challenge. Nike has been in that position ever since. 1990s In 1990, Nike surpassed the $2 billion mark in revenue with 5,300 employees worldwide. In November of the same year, Portland became the first home to a new retail experience called Niketown, which would earn numerous architectural design and retail awards and produce several other Niketown locations both around the USA and internationally. Throughout the 90’s, Nike’s revenues kept increasing and reached $8.8 billion in 1999. These revenues grew because of several improvements in shoe technology and excellent marketing campaigns. In 1992 international revenues reached $1 billion for the first time and accounted for over one-third of our total revenues. Such growth continued throughout the 1990’s as Nike kept focusing  our on major sporting events like the World Cup, and the next generation of celebrity athletes, such as Tiger Woods, Lance Armstrong, and the women playing women’s professional basketball (WNBA). At the end of the 90’s, Nike’s goal, is to become a truly global brand. 2000s At the beginning of the 2000s, Nike introduced a new footwear cushioning system called Nike Shox, which debuted during Sydney in 2000. Just as Nike’s products have evolved, so has Nike’s approach to marketing. The 2002 â€Å"Secret Tournament† campaign, by being Nike’s first truly integrated, global marketing effort, was a multi-faced consumer experience in support of the World Cup, quite different from the traditional â€Å"big athlete, big ad, big product† formula. â€Å"Secret Tournament† incorporated advertising, the Internet, public relations, retail and consumer events to create excitement for Nike’s soccer products and athletes in a way no single ad could ever achieve. This new integrated approach has become the founding element for Nike marketing and communications. Today, Nike continues to seek new and innovative ways to develop superior athletic products, and creative methods to communicate directly with consumers (Nike Free, Nike+ and Nike Sphere are some examples of this technique); in fact, over 40% of Nike Inc.’s sales come from athletic apparel, sports equipment, and subsidiary ventures. Nike Inc. has been able to attain this premier position through â€Å"quality production, innovative products, and aggressive marketing.† Acquisitions As of November 2008, Nike, Inc. owns four key subsidiaries: Cole Haan (1988), Hurley International (2002), Converse Inc. (2003), Umbro (2008), and Nike GOLF (2009).

Tracking & Measuring Crime

In Chapter 3 of our text we learn how about the different tools to track crime, criminal behaviors, measure crime, and crime rate. Discuss and define the different types of measuring tools used such as the UCR, National Incident-based reporting, victim surveys, and self-reported survey. Discuss both the positives and negative of each of the methods used to measure crime. Then respond to at least two peer posts. 1. Discuss and define the different types of measuring tools used such as the UCR.The Uniformed Crime Report; (UCR): This is a report used by the Federal Bureau of Investigations; this report aids the FBI by giving them an indication as to criminal activities her in the United States. The FBI collects its data of information from all the Law Enforcement Agencies here in the USA. Upon receiving all the current activity throughout the USA, the FBI is able to generate with almost complete accuracy as to the type of crime, as well as what, when, where, and why a type of incident m ay occur. The (UCR) is based on three parts. (a) The accurate number of people arrested. b) The number of Crimes reported by Victims, witnesses, or the police themselves. (c) The number of Law Enforcement Officers. Upon the FBI receiving all the required data, the data is then compiles the information and it is then presented in two important ways: 1a. I have read that in according to our learning material, class book. (â€Å"Criminal Justice in Action†). By, Larry K. Gaines, & Roger Leroy Miller if you look back at the year 2010, it was composed of people totaling 100,000 individual, the Crime rate was reported to be 3,346 reports over all in the United States.These reports were considered Part I class offences, as these types of criminal activity are the more serious type crimes one can commit, as they range from Murder, Bank Robbery, Forcible Rape, Aggravated Battery, Robbery, B&E, Larceny / Theft, Auto Theft, and even Arson (Fire) not naturally caused, caused by mankind. 1b. Now there is also Part II Offenses which consist of all other criminal activity from Loitering all the way to Vagrancy and any other laws that go against one State, County, or Municipal City level.These types of crimes happen often and because of their commonality with every day Society the percentage usually will usually out way Part I Criminal Offenses. 1C. I truly believe that this system was a great way to pinpoint criminal activity for this period of time, when first placed into effect this was an exceptional system for the Law Enforcement Agencies to be able to apply common sense criminal activity, whereas a prediction of what type of crime may occur.Now one must realize that this tool was only effective as the Officers who filed reports willingly and timely, as crime rate would rise reporting would dwindle. This could be due to pride, as each agency and the officer that belonged to its organization. The many Local Law Enforcement Agencies frowned upon the interference of the FBI creating errors in the actual percentage of active crime in any given period of time. This was not an error in the Tool reporting, but Human error over jealousy between Local, State, and County Law Officials against Federal direction involvement 2.Discuss and define the National Incident-Based Reporting System. The (NIBRS) has come into play because the (UCR) was with flaw. The FBI and several State Law Enforcement agencies are currently operating under the National Incident Based Reporting System as it was introduced since the 1980’s. The (NIBRS) was found to be a more productive way in pinpointing Criminal Activity. It was required that each Local Law Enforcement Agency were to call in all Criminal Activity within twenty-two different offences categories.The (NIBRS) is made up of forty-six specific crimes classified as Group Offenses, all these offenses are recorded on a computerized record system on a daily basis which is provided though not fully financed by the F ederal Government. The (NIBS) was introduced to the local agencies in 1989 and has take twenty-two years to reach 36 States, allowing on average of up to 40% of all agencies within those States to utilize the new system. Thought the system is limited, criminologists have acted out enthusiastically because how the new system can provide information.The system provides about for data sets that include Offenses, Victims, Offenders, and daily arrestees. This newer system has truly outweighed the Uniformed Crime Report, aka; (UCR). 3. The NIBRS is a new methodology for the Uniform Crime Report. It is stronger than the UCR because it collects more detailed information about the crimes. One of the strength is the recording of relationships between the victim and offender, another is the use of 22 categories of crime, and another is the fact that multiple crimes can be reported in one incident. http://wiki. answers. om/Q/Strengths_of_NIBRS: (Bing. com Search Web – Link). 4. Discuss a nd define the victim surveys. The victim survey is just what it says. The survey was performed by our own government in order to find out who and how many individuals suffered by becoming a victim of a crime. These victims who responded were innocent of crime, as the criminal act was against them by the hand of another. The actual definition of Victim Survey is: A method in which gathering information which requires a participant that is anyone willing to open up to Government Law Enforcement whether it be Local or Federal.Participants; participants must be willing to reveal in detail any incidents of a criminal activity brought against them or any criminal act they may have committed. I truly believe that if given the opportunity to feel safe, many individuals would come through in order to clean up their community and keep the rest of society thankful. It is truly sad, however; I believe that less if not any would want to either testify against another anymore. Since 1989, many ha ve come to fear repercussion for opening up to the Law unless they truly feel safe guarded by the chances of being reduced to ash. 5.Discuss and define the self-reported survey. The principles are nearly the same, however; it only focuses on offenders. Offenders are individuals who have committed crimes and never were arrested, nor even cited for the crime they have committed in the past. I truly find this to be an informative way to create better laws within a society it is like we use to say in the Marine Corps, â€Å"It’s to keep an honest person honest. † I believe that if in the right situation and at the right time a survey should conducted again just to see what crimes even though they me be petty ones are being conducted by the populous.I also believe that there unintentional crime that every person may be guilty of a good example of a small petty crime that many never catch onto is the taken of a Government ink pen that was purchased with government funds. I w as guilty of this numerous times as I would remove the pen from my desk off the base without any knowledge until I was already off the base in route to home. 6. Well, I want to state that there are many positive factors when you come right down to it. I believe that both the (UCR), as well as the (NIBRS) re very useful because it truly provides a better means to track crime and one can use this information to create a better means in reducing crime, All it takes is for each officer to make sure that their reports are finished and that everyone that has been detained is placed into the report process. Crime is always going to exist and if tracking each Part one Offense is quickly placed into the system an accurate report can be generated. Now, nothing is ever flawless and there are many factors that bring out the negative perspective in the failure of these two systems.One each agency needs to share and at time sharing information between each agency is like telling a deaf dog to fet ch. What I am stating is that if an agency is not willing to open up and share information then there will be definite negative accountability in the accuracy in the percentages of these tools they use to generate the percentage of crime. I also believe that News agencies also report thing wrong more often than none, only because of inaccurate reporting due to human error.All Law Enforcement Agencies no matter if they are State or Federal, as each agency needs to operate as a team. Each Division when compiling data and criminal trends. Need to reflect and show exactly whether they are Part I, or Part II Offenses. I also believe that as a society we should be given surveys to be answered every eight to ten years like that of the Population Census Report. I honestly believe that if this were a tool used often we could narrow down crime and fight back to win over a Nation at odds with issues of Law.As I have mentioned earlier, many will willingly open up to self surveys as long as no r epercussion is given to the ones who answer honestly. Many feel fear when it comes to reporting crime and this is another factor in misrepresentation of percentage of actual crime committed. 7. Let’s take a look at what has been recently placed on world news by Good Morning America about the FBI investigation that has been taking place here in Albuquerque, NM for the first two weeks in March, 2013 an Officer is on trial for the wrongful Shooting Death of a Marine Corps Veteran.Now if the individual’s mental health status had been placed into a shared system I honestly believe the Officer would not have shot this Marine who had suffered with PTSD and had done Crack Cocaine and was apprehended several months ago. I bet this was a Part I level offense, however along the line this was never reported properly and when these two had their confrontation well a sadden event had already occurred. This is the flaw that I mentioned and lately well after 911 all the agencies have started to revert back to their old habits and that keeping one another in the Dark.I honestly find situations like this when listening on a police scanner. It is as if one hand is not aware of the other. Uniform Crime Reports and Index of Crime in Albuquerque in the State of New Mexico enforced by Albuquerque from 1985 to 2005 Number of Violent Crimes Reported by Albuquerque by Year and Total| Year|   Population| Murder/ Man- slaughter| Rape| Robbery| Aggravated Assault| Total Violent Crime| 2005| 490,631| 53| 285| 1,150| 3,182| 4,670| 2004| 479,074| 44| 235| 1,238| 3,206| 4,723| 2003| 468,764| 52| 263| 1,080| 3,045| 4,440| 2002| 457,488| 54| 293| 1,295| 3,250| 4,892| 2001| 451,098| 36| 219| 1,610| 3,396| 5,261| 000| 448,607| 38| 239| 1,547| 3,317| 5,141| 1995| 419,714| 56| 296| 1,623| 2,763| 4,738| 1990| 384,736| 35| 222| 1,030| 3,835| 5,122| 1985| 357,051| 43| 238| 1,247| 2,578| 4,106| 1980| 328,837| 52| 217| 914| 1,630| 2,813| | New Mexico Counties| In 1930, the FBI assumed re sponsibility for managing the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program, collecting data from 400 cities. By 2006, over 15,000 law enforcement agencies submitted crime reports to the FBI, but since not all jurisdictions provide reports there is a possibility that you won't find complete data on some of our agency crime report pages.In every case where the FBI has assigned a population to a jurisdiction, we are providing a page even though it may be blank. When a city located in a county starts submitting its own reports, the population assigned to the county is reduced to reflect that fact. Number of Property Crimes  Reported by Albuquerque by Year and Total. UCR Crime Statistics prepared by the: The Disaster Center in association with the: Index of the State of New Mexico Uniform Crime Reports Index of United State's  Crime Reports Year|   Population| Burglary| Larceny Theft| Vehicle Theft| Total Property Crime| 2005| 490,631| 5,744| 20,703| 3,796| 30,243| 004| 479,074| 5,243| 20 ,469| 3,845| 29,557| 2003| 468,764| 5,543| 19,663| 4,088| 29,294| 2002| 457,488| 5,452| 21,371| 4,050| 30,873| 2001| 451,098| 6,585| 23,535| 4,162| 34,282| 2000| 448,607| 7,120| 22,842| 4,349| 34,311| 1995| 419,714| 8,362| 23,461| 4,995| 36,818| 1990| 384,736| 9,497| 22,130| 1,973| 33,600| 1985| 357,051| 9,186| 17,935| 1,932| 29,053| 1980| 328,837| 7,469| 15,805| 1,338| 24,612| | The UCR can be presented here because of the hard work of law enforcement statisticians who must classify and score each crime according to the strict criteria developed for the UCR.Some agency's crime reports do not have a population associated with them, these may include: the highway patrol, state police, a drug enforcement agency, an environmental enforcement agency, transportation utility, colleges, and others. Areas may have many agencies performing the same or different law enforcement functions, and a population can only be assigned once, so it is not possible to formulate a crime rate for every age ncy. The UCR does not include a record of every crime reported to law enforcement, and every agency does not submit data in the form that the FBI requests.The most accurate number of crimes reported are those involving death. The least  accurate is  the number of rapes that are reported. The number of case of rape reported does not include attempted rapes. Aggravated Assault does not include cases of simple assault, (which are the largest number of assaults reported to police) and so constitutes only a portion of the total number of reported assaults. The number of Aggravated Assaults used here was arrived at by subtracting the number of Simple Assaults from  the Total Assaults reported by each agency.For a few agencies, this process resulted in the generation of a negative number (their UCR report wrongly indicates that there were more simple assaults  than the total number of reported assaults). The magnitude of a threat/risk is measured by its frequency and effect. By thi s definition crime may well constitute the  single greatest risk/threat we face today. If you have questions, comments, or suggestions, please see our  FAQ page  first at:  http://www. disastercenter. com/UCR. html  and feel free to post a message to  [email  protected] com. National Criminal Victimization Survey, 1996 estimate that only   37% of rapes are reported to policeThe Disaster Center  provides online coverage of disasters in the United States, compiling and providing links to disaster related statistics and studies:  US Crimes  Data from 1960  Ã‚  Tornado,  Illnesses, Fatal  Motor Vehicle Traffic Injury and Fatality Data,  Ã‚  Child Nursery Equipment and Toys: Accident Rates by Age,  Sports ; Recreational Equipment: Injuries by Age and Sex,  Home, Heating, Plumbing, and Appliance: Injuries by Cause, Age, and Rate,  Furniture, furnishings, household, and personal use items: Accident injury rates by Age,  Home, Work Tools and Misc.Items: Accident Injury rates by Age. US Cause of Death Data  ,  US Anti–terrorism Threat/Risk Policy prior to September 11, 2001,  Ã‚  US Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Terrorism Policy prior to 9–11  Ã‚  Atlantic Hurricane pages and index. Total student, Number of school–associated Violent Deaths and Number of Homicides and Suicides of Youth Ages 5–19, by Location: 1992–2002  Ã‚  Crimes and Indexes for USA Metropolitan Statistical Areas   Violent Crime Index base upon 100,000 People. Year|   Population| Murder/ Man- slaughter| Rape| Robbery| Aggravated Assault| Total Violent Crime| 2005| 490,631| 10. | 58. 1| 234. 4| 648. 6| 951. 8| 2004| 479,074| 9. 2| 49. 1| 258. 4| 669. 2| 985. 9| 2003| 468,764| 11. 1| 56. 1| 230. 4| 649. 6| 947. 2| 2002| 457,488| 11. 8| 64. 0| 283. 1| 710. 4| 1,069. 3| 2001| 451,098| 8. 0| 48. 5| 356. 9| 752. 8| 1,166. 3| 2000| 448,607| 8. 5| 53. 3| 344. 8| 739. 4| 1,146. 0| 1995| 419,714| 13. 3| 70. 5| 386. 7| 658. 3| 1,128. 9| 1990| 384,736| 9. 1| 57. 7| 267. 7| 996. 8| 1,331. 3| 1985| 357,051| 12. 0| 66. 7| 349. 2| 722. 0| 1,150. 0| 1980| 328,837| 15. 8| 66. 0| 277. 9| 495. 7| 855. 4| Property Crime Index per 100,000 People. | | | | | Year|   Population| Burglary| Larceny Theft| Vehicle Theft| Total Property Crime| 2005| 490,631| 1,170. 7| 4,219. 7| 773. 7| 6,164. 1| 2004| 479,074| 1,094. 4| 4,272. 6| 802. 6| 6,169. 6| 2003| 468,764| 1,182. 5| 4,194. 6| 872. 1| 6,249. 2| 2002| 457,488| 1,191. 7| 4,671. 4| 885. 3| 6,748. 4| 2001| 451,098| 1,459. 8| 5,217. 3| 922. 6| 7,599. 7| 2000| 448,607| 1,587. 1| 5,091. 8| 969. 4| 7,648. 3| 1995| 419,714| 1,992. 3| 5,589. 8| 1,190. 1| 8,772. 2| 1990| 384,736| 2,468. 4| 5,752. 0| 512. 8| 8,733. 3| 1985| 357,051| 2,572. 7| 5,023. | 541. 1| 8,136. 9| 1980| 328,837| 2,271. 3| 4,806. 3| 406. 9| 7,484. | This report was provided by: (Google Search – (URL); Http://www. disastercenter. com/newmexic/crime/8543. htm). This link will take one to view an act ual published (UCR); provided by Albuquerque, New Mexico City Law Enforcement. Now, currently have a much broader reason why this report even though more accurate still is with Flaws as Rape Victims especially Female are more likely to not report their encounter after suffering from unwanted sexual activity that was consensual.Now, as we are aware natural disasters occur around the United States. I find it true that it is actually impossible to provide a true accurate account of class type of crime whether it be Offense I, or Offense II type. This is why during a Disaster it is up to each and every person Moral obligation of duty to report any and all crime, however; just because it is the ethical approach, not all in Society would report such crimes. Then there are the crimes that gone not unseen just unreported by the many in Society that believe, â€Å"See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil! means safety from the criminal elements as they Reported no wrong against themselves a nd others. We, as a notion of laws that are governed by both Federal and State need to put the word out in a manner that truly allows one to be safe of retaliation of others. Then there is the elderly who have and are today being abused as they are an easy target every walk of life. The elderly fear retaliation like any other person who fears the fact that they are unprotected because there are more people committing crime than preventing crime